15
Global climate agreements seem like a distant possibility
Context Setting Technology Policy &Regulatory Geopolitics Climate Market
Regional emissions, 1950-2022, GtCO
2
Rest of
world
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1950 2022
India
China
EU27
USA
Source(s): Global Carbon Budget 2023 United Nations 2022
World’s population at 8 billion people
1997 (Kyoto Protocol) – Legally binding emission cuts for Annex I countries no
obligations for developing nations U.S. opted out
2010 (Cancún Agreements) – Codified 2°C target, launched the Green Climate Fund,
and advanced REDD+
2015 (Paris Agreement) – Universal NDC framework targeting 2°C, with ambition
mechanism and transparency rules
2021 (Glasgow Climate Pact) – Strengthened 1.5°C goal, first coal “phase-down”
language, and increased adaptation finance
Key COP agreements
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
Global climate agreements seem like a distant possibility
Context Setting Technology Policy &Regulatory Geopolitics Climate Market
Regional emissions, 1950-2022, GtCO
2
Rest of
world
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1950 2022
India
China
EU27
USA
Source(s): Global Carbon Budget 2023 United Nations 2022
World’s population at 8 billion people
1997 (Kyoto Protocol) – Legally binding emission cuts for Annex I countries no
obligations for developing nations U.S. opted out
2010 (Cancún Agreements) – Codified 2°C target, launched the Green Climate Fund,
and advanced REDD+
2015 (Paris Agreement) – Universal NDC framework targeting 2°C, with ambition
mechanism and transparency rules
2021 (Glasgow Climate Pact) – Strengthened 1.5°C goal, first coal “phase-down”
language, and increased adaptation finance
Key COP agreements
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
